The European Union brands itself as a champion of quality of life through rigorous regulations that secure accessible healthcare, affordable education, and social securities. However, while most EU regulations aim to enhance personal freedoms and freedoms of member states, the recent…
From Data Governance to Data Competitiveness: The EU Data Union Strategy
On 19 November 2025, the European Commission published its European Data Union Strategy – a policy blueprint intended to unlock the potential of data as a strategic economic asset for the EU, especially in service of artificial intelligence (AI) innovation and…
Entangled with Power: Law, Security, and the Race for Quantum Supremacy
The OECD’s December 2025 overview of national quantum strategies arrives at a significant moment in the governance of quantum technologies. As of late 2025, governments worldwide have committed an estimated USD 55.7 billion to quantum science and technology since 2013, with…
Simplifying AI Regulation: The EU’s Digital Omnibus Proposal
The European Union is undergoing a pivotal recalibration of its approach to artificial intelligence (AI) regulation. Just over a year after adopting the AI Act in an effort to set the global benchmark for ethical, human-centric AI, the European Commission’s Digital…
Commentary: Agricultural Digitalization of the EU and Its Risks
by Mokhtar Ben mlouka (Policy Intern at CELI)
Legal Challenges in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped debates across law, policy, and society, creating both opportunities and profound legal challenges. Generative AI (GenAI) in particular, with its ability to create text, images, music, and other content, raises questions about…
ChatGPT Under Fire: Italy’s €15 Million GDPR Fine Against OpenAI and Its Implications
The Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante) has imposed a €15 million fine on OpenAI for multiple General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) violations related to its flagship AI chatbot, ChatGPT.[1] This significant regulatory action, finalized in December 2024, marks one of the…
The EU Cyber Solidarity Act: A New Chapter in European Cybersecurity Cooperation
The European Union has taken a significant step forward in its cybersecurity framework with the adoption of the Cyber Solidarity Act[1] on 2 December 2024. This landmark regulation – which entered into force on 4 February 2025 – represents a comprehensive…
Social Media Credit Scoring: A Double-Edged Sword
The emergence of social media as a tool for credit scoring is changing how financial institutions assess creditworthiness. While traditional credit scores have largely relied on an individual’s financial history—such as payment records and debt profile—social media is increasingly being used…