Europe stands at a critical juncture in its digital journey. After decades of technological leadership that once positioned European nations at the forefront of innovation—from steam engines to aviation—the European Union now finds itself increasingly dependent on foreign digital technologies and…
EU’s Digital Markets Act in Action: Commission Issues Total Fines of $700M to Apple and Meta
The European Union’s efforts to establish fair competition in digital markets reached a pivotal moment on April 23, 2025, as the European Commission announced its first enforcement actions under the Digital Markets Act (DMA)[1]. Apple has been fined €500 million and…
Integration of the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation into the Digital Services Act
In response to growing concerns over the spread of online disinformation, the European Commission (EC) and the European Board for Digital Services (EBDS) officially endorsed the integration of the Code of Practice on Disinformation into the Digital Services Act (DSA) on…
The Digital and Technological Future of Europe: Key Priorities by the European University Institute
As we approach the mid-point of this decade, the European Union faces critical decisions that will shape its digital future. The European University Institute recently published a comprehensive report titled „Charting the Digital and Technological Future of Europe: What Priorities for…
The EU Cyber Solidarity Act: A New Chapter in European Cybersecurity Cooperation
The European Union has taken a significant step forward in its cybersecurity framework with the adoption of the Cyber Solidarity Act[1] on 2 December 2024. This landmark regulation – which entered into force on 4 February 2025 – represents a comprehensive…
A Breakdown of the EU’s New E-Commerce Regulation Strategy
E-commerce has revolutionized global retail, offering both opportunities and challenges for businesses and consumers alike. However, the increasing volume of direct-to-consumer imports within the European Union (EU) has highlighted significant legal, environmental, and market fairness challenges. To address these concerns, the…
Between Scylla and Charybdis: the virtual or the real world
by Mónika Mercz Our society hinges on continuous progress, evidenced by the fact that in the last few decades, innovation has sped up to an unprecedented degree. This technological boom has brought with itself the spread of digitalization, and ultimately, the…
Spain’s Proposal for Extended Collective Licensing in AI Development
by Dávid Ujhelyi In December 2024, the Spanish Ministry of Culture unveiled a groundbreaking legislative proposal aimed at introducing extended collective licensing (ECL) for the development of general-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) models. The “Draft Royal Decree to regulate the granting of…
The Future of AI Liability in the EU: Key Insights from the New Product Liability Directive
by Luca Farkas The new EU Directive on Liability for Defective Products (“PLD”)[1] was published on 18 November 2024, replacing the existing EU Product Liability Directive 85/374/EEC. The new PLD aims to modernize the EU’s consumer protection laws in response to technological…
The United Nations takes a stand against cybercrime
by Mónika Mercz The United Nations (UN) Ad Hoc Committee (AHC) meeting in New York reached an agreement on the “Draft United Nations convention against cybercrime; strengthening international cooperation for combating certain crimes committed by means of information and communications technology…