by Rachida Roukiaoui (Policy Intern at CELI)
European Defence Readiness 2030: Policy Responses to Security Challenges
The European Union’s White Paper for European Defence Readiness 2030[1], published in March 2025, outlines a framework for addressing security concerns amid heightened geopolitical tensions. The document states that Russia’s defense expenditures are projected to reach 9% of GDP in 2025,…
Human-Centric AI in Defence: Bridging Ethics, Technology and Strategy
Artificial intelligence (AI) is swiftly reshaping the defense arena, promising enhanced operational capabilities, improved decision-making, and reduced risks to human lives. However, the integration of AI into military systems also raises profound ethical, legal, and practical questions. Central to these debates…