The Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante) has imposed a €15 million fine on OpenAI for multiple General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) violations related to its flagship AI chatbot, ChatGPT.[1] This significant regulatory action, finalized in December 2024, marks one of the…
Integration of the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation into the Digital Services Act
In response to growing concerns over the spread of online disinformation, the European Commission (EC) and the European Board for Digital Services (EBDS) officially endorsed the integration of the Code of Practice on Disinformation into the Digital Services Act (DSA) on…
The EU Cyber Solidarity Act: A New Chapter in European Cybersecurity Cooperation
The European Union has taken a significant step forward in its cybersecurity framework with the adoption of the Cyber Solidarity Act[1] on 2 December 2024. This landmark regulation – which entered into force on 4 February 2025 – represents a comprehensive…
A Breakdown of the EU’s New E-Commerce Regulation Strategy
E-commerce has revolutionized global retail, offering both opportunities and challenges for businesses and consumers alike. However, the increasing volume of direct-to-consumer imports within the European Union (EU) has highlighted significant legal, environmental, and market fairness challenges. To address these concerns, the…
Human-Centric AI in Defence: Bridging Ethics, Technology and Strategy
Artificial intelligence (AI) is swiftly reshaping the defense arena, promising enhanced operational capabilities, improved decision-making, and reduced risks to human lives. However, the integration of AI into military systems also raises profound ethical, legal, and practical questions. Central to these debates…
Quick Review: A Competitiveness Compass for the EU
The European Union stands at a crossroads. Despite its strengths—a skilled workforce, a continental Single Market, and a stable legal framework—the bloc has struggled to keep pace with global competitors like the U.S. and China. Productivity growth has stagnated for decades,…
Data Protection and AI Models – EDPB Opinion, OpenAI Fine and DeepSeek Scrutiny
The European Data Protection Board (EDPB) adopted Opinion 28/2024 on 17 December 2024,[1] addressing key data protection issues that arise from the processing of personal data in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) models. Issued at the request of the Irish…
Securing Leadership in the Biorevolution
In the 21st century, biotechnology stands as the cornerstone of a transformative era: the biorevolution. This convergence of breakthroughs in synthetic biology, machine learning, and engineering biology enables humanity to manipulate life’s building blocks, offering unprecedented opportunities—and equally profound challenges. Highlighted…
Spain’s Proposal for Extended Collective Licensing in AI Development
by Dávid Ujhelyi In December 2024, the Spanish Ministry of Culture unveiled a groundbreaking legislative proposal aimed at introducing extended collective licensing (ECL) for the development of general-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) models. The “Draft Royal Decree to regulate the granting of…
Breaking Big Tech’s Grip: A Roadmap to a Democratic Digital Future
In an era where digital technologies influence nearly every aspect of modern life, the question of who controls these technologies has become increasingly urgent. The dominance of a handful of tech giants—primarily U.S.-based companies like Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, along with…